B015318 - FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING PHYSICS AND HVAC EQUIPMENTS

Italian

Italian

Long time will be spent studying the building physic (in specific thermodynamic, psycrometry, heat transfer) giving at the same time the basis of indoor comfort.
Moreover, the course is aimed to the acquisition of basic knowledge about plants to understand their interactions with building structures and internal and external environments and with current laws and standards.

Long time will be spent studying the building physic (in specific thermodynamic, psycrometry, heat transfer, acoustics amd lighting) giving at the same time the basis of indoor comfort.
Special emphasis will be done to the link between physic phenomena and their applications regarding energy saving and people comfort in buildings.

- Çengel Y. A., “Termodinamica e trasmissione del calore”, McGraw-Hill, Milano, 1998
- G.F.Cellai, S.Secchi “Fondamenti si acustica” CLU Ed. Firenze
- G. Dall’O “Architettura e impianti” Città Studi Edizioni
- G. Moncada Lo Giudice, L. De Santoli “Progettazione di impianti tecnici” Masson, Milano
- notes available on the web site http://www.taed.unifi.it/fisica_tecnica/

Çengel Y. A., “Termodinamica e trasmissione del calore”, McGraw-Hill, Milano
G. Dall’O “Architettura e impianti” Città Studi Edizioni

Give the basics about the fundamental physical phenomena that govern the whole building system, and the interaction between man, building and environment, all with the aim to achieve en energy conscious design.
Acquisition of basic knowledge on the main plant types and their performance in order to achieve the thermal, acoustic and light comfort in indoor environments and the reduction of energy consumption in buildings.

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Lessons of the owner of the course may be supplemented by seminars on specific issues in collaboration with industry.

lectures, tutorials, seminars

Integrated course from 8 CFU
Detailed program of lectures, with details of specific references available on site
http://www.taed.unifi.it/fisica_tecnica/

http://www.taed.unifi.it/fisica_tecnica/

The exams include a written and oral part.

Intermediate test ed final written and oral examination

Unit of measure
Fundamental and derived units of measurement. The International System of units of measurement.

Fundamentals of Classical Physics
Kinematics: the concept of speed and acceleration. Dynamic concept of force, Newton's laws, the concept of mass, weight and density. Work and energy: kinetic energy, potential and elastic principles of conservation of energy, power. Fluid mechanics: states of matter, definition of pressure, hydrostatic pressure and Stevin's law, Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle. Fluid Dynamics: regimes of motion, dynamic and kinematic viscosity, Reynolds number, equation of continuity and the concept of flow, Bernoulli's theorem and equation, resistance to fluid flow in pipes, Moody diagram.

Basic thermodynamics
Concept of temperature. Thermal expansion. Thermodynamic system. First Law of thermodynamics for closed systems. Stationary and nonstationary regimes. Enthalpy. Heat capacity and specific heats. Second Law of Thermodynamics. Statements of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius. Thermodynamic temperature. Thermal machine, refrigeration, heat pump: performance and functionality. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Theorem and Carnot cycle. Concept of entropy. Thermodynamics of open systems. Mass balance equation. Continuity equation in steady state. Energy balance and the First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system. Thermodynamic diagram (p, v) for the water. Sensible and latent heat. Ideal Gas: Boyle's and Dalton's law. Thermodynamic cycles.

Psychrometry of air
Mixtures of air and water vapor: the Psychrometry air. Main properties of mixtures of humid air: dry bulb temperature, title, relative humidity, enthalpy, dew point temperature, adiabatic saturation and wet bulb. Description of the psychrometric chart and its use. A measurement of humidity: the psychrometer of Assman. Major transformations of mixtures of humid air: heating and sensible cooling; cooling with dehumidification; adiabatic humidification, adiabatic mixing. Air handling system in summer and winter in a HVAC system.

Heat transfer
Mode of transmission of heat. Heat transfer by conduction: Fourier's law, Fourier's equation, steady-state conduction, conduction system variable. Thermophysical properties of materials: conductivity coefficient, thermal diffusivity and thermal inertia of building structures. Simple flat layer, multi-layer floor, simple and multiple circular duct. Thermal and electrical analogy.
Heat transfer by convection: natural and forced convection. Convective heat transfer coefficient. Analysis with pure numbers (Nusselt, Reynolds, Grashof, Prandtl).
Heat transfer by thermal radiation: the greenhouse effect. Coefficient of absorption, reflection and transmission. Emissivity. Emissive power full and specific. Kirchhoff's law, Stefan - Boltzmann and Wien. Heat transfer between the facing surfaces in steady state. Factors of view. Simultaneous presence of different modes of exchange: the transmittance of building components (U-value). Coefficients of adduction. Condensation problems in walls, Glaser method.
Properties of products used in construction and their hygrothermal behavior. Thermal bridges in building construction: definition, assessment and calculation of losses. The windowed components: main performance (Uw-value and g-value) and calculation of thermophysical dispersions. Main UNI reference and legislative requirements concerning the thermophysical performance of the building.

Thermal Comfort and IAQ in confined spaces
The thermal comfort and comfort indices (PMV and PPD). The olfactory and respiratory comfort indoor air quality (IAQ).

Lighting
The vision of light, luminous flux, photometric major. Visual comfort and lighting requirements.
The natural lighting and the average amount of daylight. Artificial lighting, solid curves and photometric.

Physical acoustics and environmental
The sound and acoustic comfort. Propagation of noise outdoors. Impact assessments and acoustic environment. Acoustics, reverberation time, acoustic behavior of materials. Airborne sound insulation, sound insulation, impact noise, evaluation indices. Passive acoustic requirements of buildings. Criteria for evaluating the effect of disturbing noise, the main legislation on noise, in particular Law 447/95 and its implementing decrees. Noise plants

Air conditioning systems
The thermodynamic whole-building system. Evaluation of the energy flows entering and leaving the building system. Calculation of heat loads of winter and summer building project for the design of the facilities.
The law on energy saving in construction, integration and implementation.
Heating, cooling and air conditioning. Relations between the types of buildings and energy consumption
Natural and mechanical ventilation systems.
Main plant types: water systems, air and mixed air-water interface. Main types of fluid distribution energy carriers.
The central heating and cooling. The security for the purposes of fire prevention.
The generators of heat, the cooling units. Problems in the development of amenities in the buildings: security and space.
The system terminals: the main types (convective and radiative heat exchange). Hints on how to plant dimensioning (generators, heat exchangers and terminals). The adjustment of the plants. Relations between types of installation, building and environment.
Solar energy systems and heat pump.
Energy certification of buildings.

Fire Design
Fire safety in buildings. Principles, systems and methods of fire prevention. Concepts of passive and active protection, partitioning and class of fire, streets and paths of exodus.
Systems and fire-fighting: fire extinguishing agents and types of firefighting equipment, fire extinguishers, hydrants and hose reels to plants, sprinklers, smoke detectors, signs
on large exposures.

Water supply and water waste systems
Water supply systems: networks of distribution, design criteria, materials.
Collection systems and disposal of waste water: design criteria, exhaust ventilation and materials. Main water treatment systems used to scatter or to sewers.

Electrical Installations
Work on the production and distribution of electricity, materials and equipment.
Guide for the integration in the building of electrical installations. Materials and equipment.