B020374 - RESTORATION WORKSHOP I

Italian

- General principles of conservation. Introduction to architectural restoration
- Archeology and history of building materials
- Knowledge for conservation. Source investigation tools and methods
- The processes of decay of architecture. Degradation of materials and structural failure
- Assessment of the state of conservation (current status and future risk)
- The setting up of the knowledge and diagnosis project

- Torsello P., 2005, Che cos’è il restauro? Nove studiosi a confronto, Marsilio, Venezia.
- Cagnana A., 2000, Archeologia dei materiali da costruzione, SAP: Mantova.
- Malacrino, C., 2013, Ingegneria dei Greci e dei Romani, Arsenale editrice: Venezia.
- Mannoni T., Giannichedda E., 1996, Archeologia della Produzione, Einaudi: Torino.
- Bessac J. C., 1986, L’outillage traditionnel du tailleur de pierre de l’antiquité à nos jours, Éditions du CNRS, Paris.
- Amoroso G., 2002, Trattato di scienza della conservazione dei monumenti, Alinea: Firenze.
- Giuliani C. F., 2006, L’edilizia nell’antichità, Carocci, Roma.
- Coppola G., 2022, L’edilizia nel Medioevo, Carocci, Roma.
- Pecchioni E., Fratini F., Cantisani E., 2008, Le malte antiche e moderne tra tradizione ed innovazione, Bologna.
- Musso S. F., 2004, Recupero e restauro degli edifici storici, E.P.C. Libri: Roma.
- Boato A., 2008, L’archeologia in architettura. Misurazioni, stratigrafie, datazioni, restauro, Marsilio: Padova.
- Doglioni F., 1997, Stratigrafia e restauro. Tra conoscenza e conservazione dell’architettura, Lint: Trieste.
- Coppola M., 2018, Le indagini tipologiche in architettura, Carocci, Roma.
- Bellini A. (ed.), 2003, Tecniche della conservazione, Angeli: Milano.
- Marino l., 2009, Materiali per un atlante delle patologie presenti nelle aree archeologiche, Alinea: Firenze.
- Doehne E., Clifford A. P., 2010, Stone conservation An overview of current research, Los Angeles.
- Caneva G., Nugari M. P., Salvadori O., (a cura di), 2007, La biologia vegetale per i beni culturali, vol. 1, Nardini, Firenze
- UNI (Ente Italiano di Unificazione), 2006, UNI 11182 Beni Culturali: Materiali lapidei naturali e artificiali; Descrizione della forma di alterazione; Termini e definizioni, Milano e Roma.
- Vergès-Belmin V. (ed.), 2008, Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration patterns, Monuments & Sites, ICOMOS, Paris
- Bellanca C., 2011, Methodical Approach to the Restoration of Historic Architecture, Firenze, Alinea.
- Cigni G., Codacci Pisanelli B., 1987, Umidità e degrado negli edifici. Diagnosi e rimedi, Kappa: Roma.
- Adam J. P., 1989, L’arte di costruire presso i Romani. Materiali e tecniche, Longanesi, Milano.
- Mannoni T., 1994, Caratteri costruttivi dell’edilizia storica, Escum: Genova.
- Di Pasquale S., 1996, L’arte del costruire. Tra conoscenza e scienza, Venezia.
- Salvadori M., 2000, Perché gli edifici stanno in piedi, Bompiani: Milano.
- Giuffré A., 1991, Letture sulla meccanica delle murature storiche, Kappa: Roma.
- Mastrodicasa S., 1993, Dissesti statici delle strutture edilizie. Diagnosi, consolidamento, istituzioni tecniche, applicazioni pratiche, Hoepli: Milano, 1993 (ristampa 2010)
- Centauro G. A., 1999, La rilevazione dell’edificio danneggiato in Gurrieri F. (ed.), Manuale per la riabilitazione e la ricostruzione post sismica degli edifici, Dei: Roma, pp . 155 – 223.
- Monaco L. M., Santamaria, A., 1998, Indagini, prove e monitoraggio nel restauro degli edifici storici, ESI: Napoli.
- Gurrieri F., 2013, Dizionario generale del Restauro, Mandragora: Firenze.
- Rondelet J.B., 1832-41, Traité théorique et pratique de l’art de bâtir, trad. it. sulla VI ed. francese, Soresina B. (ed.), Trattato teorico e pratico dell’arte di edificare, Fratelli Negretti: Mantova.
- Dohene E., Price C., 2010, Stone Conservation: an overview of current research, Getty, Los Angeles.
- Bellanca C., 2011, Methodical Approach to the Restoration of Historic Architecture, Firenze, Alinea.
- Carvais R., Guillerme A., Nègre V., Sakarovitch J. (eds.), 2012, Nuts & Bolts of Construction History: Culture, Technology and Society (3 vol.), Picard.
- Camuffo D., Fassina V., Havermans J., 2010, Basic Environmental Mechanisms affecting Cultural Heritage-Understanding deterioration mechanisms for conservation purposes, Nardini, Firenze.

Provide students with in-depth knowledge of:
1) Materials and construction techniques of historic buildings
2) Tools (methodological, technical and critical) essential to the reading and multidisciplinary analysis of the buildings for the definition of a correct preliminary diagnosis project for setting up the subsequent conservation and reuse project:
- critical observation of the material aspects
- diachronic (stratigraphic) reading of buildings
- historical survey for conservation
- techniques and methods for knowledge and diagnostic
- procedures for the preparation of technical documents

At the end of the laboratory the student will have to:
1) Achieve an adequate degree of awareness of the characteristics of the intervention on the built:
- operational contents and main interdisciplinary connections
- historical, cultural and contemporary growth resource significance

2) Being able to set up a correct path of knowledge and analysis of an existing architectural artefact:
- summary of its material history and its conservation problems
- diagnosis that is a prelude to the conservation and reuse project

The basic knowledge of the following topics is strongly recommended:

- Outline of the history of architecture
- Traditional building materials
- Architectural metric survey
- Features of static and building science

The course is divided into lectures, visits, exercises and project activities:

CLASSROOM LECTURES:
The lectures on the basic topics of the course will be accompanied by seminars and in-depth communications on specific topics and case studies. Events, conventions and conferences on conservation issues will be reported during the course.

VISITS AND INSPECTIONS:
Compatibly with the time available and with the possibility of travel, study visits to sites and monuments, construction sites and restoration laboratories will be planned, aimed at facilitating the comparison and collection of specific information useful for the development of one's research path. The inspections will also favor the observation and technological reading of the architectures, the recognition of the constituent materials and the pathologies of decay and instability.

INDIVIDUAL EXERCISES:
The laboratory involves carrying out some individual exercises in the classroom, outside, at home, for the application and verification of the topics covered. The exercises must always be delivered within the times established on the moodle platform.

GROUP PROJECT RESEARCH:
All laboratory activities will be aimed at the development of a cognitive research and the drafting of a diagnostic project on an architectural artifact proposed by the teacher. The project research will consist of some exercises, to be carried out preferably in groups (max 3). The theme assigned to each group will be of adequate size to be reasonably treated during the duration of the course. Each exercise will consist of two types of papers: a text document (illustrative report of the path taken and the results obtained, tables, specific texts), 1 table in A2 format (to be doubled if necessary). Detailed indications on the papers to be presented and graphic templates to be used will be provided during the course. The deadline for the delivery of group exercises will be communicated in advance and will tend to take place one week before the exam date. The group exercises will be subject to reviews, verifications and investigations, mainly collective. Compatibly with the general and individual travel possibilities, on-site inspections are provided for the object of the project research, which will be agreed in advance with the class.

Any alternative study topic that each student intends to propose must:
- be agreed in advance with the teacher
- have small dimensions, so that it can be carried out during the duration of the course
- present a conservation status of adequate complexity
- be freely accessible

Reviews of research works and interviews with students will take place on a weekly basis at the end of the lesson, in the same classroom. For any further needs or appointments, contact the teacher at the address: michele.coppola@unifi.it

Verification of learning, knowledge and critical and methodological tools acquired will be carried out through:

Evaluation of the results of the exercises
Evaluation of participation in activities
Evaluation of the results of the group project research
The evaluation of the final exam

1, 2) EVALUATION OF EXERCISES and ACTIVITIES
They will constitute intermediate tests to verify the training processes. Details on the evaluation methods and results will be constantly communicated and discussed during the laboratory.

3) EVALUATION OF THE GROUP'S PROJECT RESEARCH
Group project research will be assessed with a single vote for all members of the group which will take into account the ability to apply the knowledge acquired, the acquisition of critical tools, the quality of the documents presented and the results achieved.

4) FINAL EXAMINATION TEST
The final exam consists of an individual and group interview on the topics covered during the course, on the bibliography, on the methods and results of the exercises and of the final project research.

FINAL VOTE. The final grade will be based on the average of the results achieved in individual exercises, in group research, in group research and in the exam interview. In defining the result, the growth path of each student will be taken into account.

N. B. Students wishing to take the exam WITHOUT ATTENDING the course are required to report it to the teacher to agree on an adequate work program.

Main topics and purpose of the course
The restoration laboratory is one of the most demanding syntheses of the degree course and involves a broad base of knowledge. It appeals to most of the notions acquired in the course of architectural studies (and consequently suffers any shortcomings from them) and at the same time it addresses other fields and disciplines, from historical sciences to natural sciences. Like all architectural projects, the restoration project of an architectural artifact is a process based on a phase of knowledge that leads to a series of technical and cultural choices and which continues in the management of the artifact. The choices made at the time of surgery are all the more correct the more adequate the knowledge phase is. If we keep the old buildings it is because, in addition to an economic and functional value, they contain cultural elements for which the restorer becomes responsible towards the communities to which they belong. From a technical point of view, like a doctor, the restorer makes a diagnosis and decides on the best therapy. He knows methods, techniques and materials suitable for treating building diseases. But this is not enough. From a cultural point of view, the restorer reactivates the presence of the building in contemporary life and combines functional, technical and spatial characteristics with design methods that preserve the building's values ​​of authentic testimony. The ordered collection of the surviving traces constitutes the basis of this process of understanding the artefact and can stimulate the constitution of a cultural identity and contribute to maturing experiences from which attitudes of greater attention can derive and stimulate renewed critical tools. The aim of the course is to implement critical skills and operational tools to stimulate the care process on the existing architecture and make the right technical and cultural choices. At the end of the laboratory, the student will have to be able to set up a correct analysis path for an existing architectural artefact, make a synthesis of its material history and its conservation problems and draw up a diagnosis that is a prelude to the project and conservation intervention. The course will clarify the main phases of a restoration project from investigation to maintenance: the purpose of the project (technical correctness and cultural value), the phases of the project, the methods to develop the necessary knowledge (the critical, cultural and technical tools) . The key point of this path is the achievement of an adequate degree of awareness of the characteristics of the intervention on the built environment: the operational contents and interdisciplinary connections, but also its historical, cultural significance and as a contemporary resource for growth. The first part of the course will focus on in-depth knowledge of the materials and construction techniques of historic buildings. The second part will provide the tools (methodological, technical and critical) essential to the reading and multidisciplinary analysis of the building for the definition of a correct knowledge and diagnosis project, preliminary to the setting of the subsequent conservation and reuse project.


The didactic activities will address the following themes:
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General principles of conservation - Introduction to architectural restoration
General principles of architectural conservation: Introduction to the concepts of restoration theory; introduction to historical buildings, cultural and technical contents; significance of history in heritage conservation; the value of time; the concept of the duration of buildings over time, in the civilization of replacement; the concept of collective memory; the flow of conservation actions: recognition, understanding, safeguarding; knowledge phase and intervention phase; what is restoration, definitions and cultures; keep to know: methods and concepts of the building understanding process; the material and technical knowledge of the product; tasks of the restorer.

Knowledge for conservation. Source investigation tools and methods
Tools and methods for data acquisition, collection and management; bibliographic and archival searches: Consultation strategies; Study of direct sources: strategies and methods of documentation, photographic documentation, survey for restoration, preliminary inspection, mapping, unsystematic investigations (principles and applications of the method for samples).

Archeology and history of building materials
General introduction. Stone in historic buildings; The stone: processing and recognition of traces; Ceramic materials. History and recognition in work; Mortars, mineral binders, earths and chalky binders; Mortars, mineral binders, aerial and hydraulic limes; Recognition of stone materials in place.

History of construction techniques. The Masonry
The evolution of construction systems in the Mediterranean area; Technical culture and territory. The birth of a construction technique; triangular diagram: client - technical culture - resources; general principles of masonry constructions; From the monolith to the masonry. Classification of ancient and medieval masonry; Brick construction techniques; The rule of art and the principles for the correct execution of a stone masonry; installation criteria; the horizontals and the laying surfaces; the elements in thickness (parpaing and boutisse); Evaluation of the quality of a masonry appliance.

The processes of decay of architecture. Degradation of materials
The degradation of materials: causes and main factors, classification of phenomena, UNI and ICOMOS standards; Moisture in masonry: recognition and evaluation; Study of materials and recognition tests; Investigation strategies: recognition and mapping; Deterioration of structures exposed to the open: actions of water and vegetation; The water table; Setting up a diagnostic program: evaluation of the conservation status of materials.

The processes of decay of architecture. Exposed structures and water action
Degenerative problems and vulnerability of structures exposed to the open; archaeological areas and architectural artefacts in a state of ruin; the action of natural agents and the instability of the elements in the masonry; differentiated decay due to heterogeneous masonry techniques; crest reversal; slippage and subsidence at the base; dismemberment of the masonry fabric; water as a pathogen (stagnation, runoff, infiltration, condensation, capillary rise); effects of the action of water in the walls; soluble salts; the relationship between evaporation and leakage.

The processes of decay of architecture. The structural failure
General problems of the structural study of historic buildings; the structural analysis and diagnosis process of a historic building; verification of the type and quality of the masonry; instrumental checks in situ (destructive and non-destructive); laboratory tests; stages of the structural diagnosis process; main damage mechanisms of masonry walls; the interpretation of symptoms: the crack pattern and deformations; causes of the failures; instability mechanisms of arches and vaults; the instability due to seismic phenomena; examples and calculation methods.

Methods and techniques of investigation and diagnosis on structures and materials
Cognitive and diagnostic investigations; archaeometric investigations and the problem of absolute dating; main analytical and diagnostic techniques; properties of materials; apparent and real porosity in stone materials: definition and calculation; imbibition capacity, saturation index and absorption capacity; investigation methods for the study of the morphology and microstructure of materials; investigation methods for the study of the chemical and mineralogical composition; optical and electron microscopy; case studies; the study and characterization of mortars in the laboratory; UNI normative references; monitoring.

Didactic structure
The course is divided into lectures, visits, exercises and project activities:

CLASSROOM LECTURES: The lectures on the basic topics of the course will be accompanied by seminars and in-depth communications on specific topics and case studies. Events, conventions and conferences on conservation issues will be reported during the course.

VISITS AND INSPECTIONS: Compatibly with the time available and with the possibility of travel, study visits to sites and monuments, construction sites and restoration laboratories will be planned, aimed at facilitating the comparison and collection of specific information useful for the development of one's research path. The inspections will also favor the observation and technological reading of the architectures, the recognition of the constituent materials and the pathologies of decay and instability.

INDIVIDUAL EXERCISES: The laboratory involves carrying out some individual exercises in the classroom, outside, at home, for the application and verification of the topics covered. The exercises must always be delivered within the times established on the moodle platform.

GROUP PROJECT RESEARCH: All the activities of the workshop will be aimed at the development of a research and the drafting of a knowledge and diagnostic project on an architectural artifact proposed by the teacher. The project research will consist of some exercises, to be carried out preferably in groups (max 3). The theme assigned to each group will be of adequate size to be reasonably treated during the duration of the course. Each exercise will consist of two types of papers: a text document (illustrative report of the path taken and the results obtained, tables, specific texts), 1 table in A2 format (to be doubled if necessary). Detailed indications on the papers to be presented and graphic templates to be used will be provided during the course. The deadline for the delivery of group exercises will be communicated in advance and will tend to take place one week before the exam date. The group exercises will be subject to reviews, verifications and investigations, mainly collective. Compatibly with the general and individual travel possibilities, on-site inspections are provided for the object of the project research, which will be agreed in advance with the class.

Any alternative study topic that each student intends to propose must:
- be agreed in advance with the teacher
- have small dimensions, so that it can be carried out during the duration of the course
- present a conservation status of adequate complexity
- be freely accessible

RECOMMENDED KNOWLEDGE: a basic knowledge of the following topics is strongly recommended: outlines of architectural history, traditional building materials, architectural survey, outlines of statics and construction science.

Learning assessment methods
Verification of learning, knowledge and critical and methodological tools acquired will be carried out through:

Evaluation of the results of the exercises
Evaluation of participation in activities
Evaluation of the results of the group project research
The evaluation of the final exam

1, 2) EVALUATION OF EXERCISES and ACTIVITIES
They will constitute intermediate tests to verify the training processes. Details on the evaluation methods and results will be constantly communicated and discussed during the laboratory.

3) EVALUATION OF THE GROUP'S PROJECT RESEARCH
Group project research will be assessed with a single vote for all members of the group which will take into account the ability to apply the knowledge acquired, the acquisition of critical tools, the quality of the documents presented and the results achieved.

4) FINAL EXAMINATION TEST
The final exam consists of an individual and group interview on the topics covered during the course, on the bibliography, on the methods and results of the exercises and of the final project research.

FINAL VOTE. The final grade will be based on the average of the results achieved in individual exercises, in group research, in group research and in the exam interview. In defining the result, the growth path of each student will be taken into account.

N. B. Students wishing to take the exam WITHOUT ATTENDING the course are required to report it to the teacher to agree on an adequate work program.


Reference bibliography
Bibliographic material and documents on which to set up in-depth discussions and debates will be provided during the course (on the Moodle platform). In the general bibliography some significant texts are indicated that can provide useful notions for the knowledge of the buildings and the restoration project. Further bibliographic information will be provided during the course. A university exam presupposes the ability to carry out a bibliographic search. Therefore, the listed texts do not propose to offer an exhaustive or even balanced framework but limit themselves to indicating a minimum, necessary but not sufficient scope of basic notions, useful among other things to build the bibliographic references to support the arguments that each student intends to develop. The use of digital indexes from Italian libraries and large European libraries (eg OPAC Unifi, BNCF, Istituto Max Planck, BNF, DNB, British Library, NYPL) is recommended.

4 - quality education
9 - Industry, infrastructure innovation
11 - sustainable cities and communities
12 - responsible consumption and production