Starting from fundamental notions, we then move on to deal with thermal well-being, thermo-refrigeration systems and ventilation systems with the physics of humid air.
The phases that lead to the drafting of a project concerning an HVAC system are examined and the economic evaluation of the design choices is examined.
Finally, acoustics and lighting technology are discussed, and the new concepts of sustainability and ESG are illustrated.
Course Content - Last names H-Z
Thermodynamics, Thermodynamic systems First and Second Principles Psychrometry Thermodynamic transformations of humid air and environmental conditioning Examples of thermodynamic cycles for winter and summer conditioning systems Heat transmission, stationary and transient regimes and periodic stabilization Conduction, convection (natural and forced), irradiation Mass and Energy Exchanges, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Exergy
As regards the theoretical part, reference will be made to handouts and slides, both in digital format, specifically written by the Teacher and provided on the designated platform.
As regards the exercises, reference will also be made to specific documents, distinct from the previous ones, which are also uploaded into Moodle, together with any other material deemed useful.
Basic texts on which to deepen the study of the topics covered during the lessons:
- Y. A. Çengel, G. Dall'Ò, L. Sarto, "Environmental technical physics. With elements of acoustics and lighting engineering", McGrawHill Education, Milan 2017
- G. Dall'O, "Architecture and systems", Città Studi Edizioni, Turin 2003
- A. Quinterio, "System Design. Guidelines for the design of air conditioning and plumbing systems", Maggioli Editore, RN 2011
1) Romagnoni P., Peron F., Vio M., Elementi di Fisica Tecnica Ambientale, CEDAM, Padova
2) De Santoli L., Fisica Tecnica Ambientale-Trasmissione del calore, C.E.A. , Milano, 1999
3) F. Kreith – Principi di Trasmissione del Calore – ed. Liguori.
4) Y. Cengel – Termodinamica e trasmissione del calore – McGraw-Hill
5) G. Guglielimini, C. Pisoni – Elementi di trasmissione del calore – Ed. Veschi.
Learning Objectives - Last names A-G
The objective of the course is to provide students with the basic notions regarding the fundamental physical phenomena that regulate the building-plant system as well as the interaction between man, building and environment, for the purposes of informed design.
And so, with these premises, the provision of the basic tools and methods to be able to evaluate the outcomes of the different design alternatives, and the multiple implications that these alternatives have, becomes extremely important. The acquisition of knowledge relating to the main types of systems and their performance requirements for the purposes of environmental comfort (thermal-hygrometric, acoustic and luminous) and the reduction of energy consumption is therefore essential.
Equally necessary is the economic evaluation of the energy investments linked to the planning of a work, whether represented by a redevelopment or a new construction, in any case in combination with the sustainability aspects referable to the relevant European and national regulatory context.
Finally, the acquisition of a professional attitude that is proactive and collaborative is extremely important in order to make every work situation an opportunity for growth as much as possible, both as technicians and as individuals.
Learning Objectives - Last names H-Z
To introduce the fundamental topics of thermodynamics and heat transmission for the understanding of systems (building and plant), of processes useful for achieving thermo-hygrometric well-being, air quality in a confined environment, hygiene and safety with particular reference to those of winter and summer air conditioning, ventilation and filtration (purity) of the air in the environment; to acquire suitable methods and tools for the energy-sustainable building-plant system project considering the physical quantities and the processes that characterize it by tackling the design aspects related to the themes of the building's thermo-physics, air-conditioning and the rational use of energy resources.
Prerequisites - Last names A-G
None.
Prerequisites - Last names H-Z
Fundamental of algebra. Partial, differential and integral derivatives. Homogeneous differential equations, series expansion. Double integrals knowledge, surface calculation Coordinated knowledge of various types.
Fundamentals of chemistry and physics
Teaching Methods - Last names A-G
Lessons by the course owner possibly supplemented by seminars on specific topics in collaboration with companies and professionals in the sector.
Teaching Methods - Last names H-Z
Lessons and practical tests
Further information - Last names A-G
In general, during the lessons, the use of laptops, tablets and smartphones will not be allowed, except in sessions in which they are expressly requested by the teacher for the performance of certain tasks. Such devices, in fact, even when used to take notes, could be a distraction for other students, and therefore, constitute more of a critical issue than a benefit. The suggestion, therefore, is to take notes on paper because such an activity is very useful for processing and memorizing the information received.
Learning is individual and must be the result of the student's exclusive commitment. Optional tests are also individual, and the relevant outcome must demonstrate the student's real preparation. On the occasion of the tests, students will only be allowed to use a pen, calculator and sheets/documents provided by the teacher.
Collaboration may also be allowed, and sometimes even encouraged by the teacher, only during the course of the exercises as well as during their correction in class.
Further information can be found on the moodle platform, e-learning.
Further information - Last names H-Z
The exam aims to verify, through theoretical questions, and specific and targeted exercises:
- the knowledge of the fundamental topics and laws of thermodynamics;
-the knowledge of the fundamental issues and laws of thermal heat transfer and phase changes;
- the ability for an appropriately use of the terminology and methods of analysis of Technical Physics;
- the ability to understand the literature concerning the different methodological approaches to the analysis of closed and open thermodynamic systems;
- the ability to acquire the tools and methods to continue and develop the studies on the subject, knowing how to face and solve the related problems and to frame the issues and problems that are typical and crucial for all the environmental energy building designs
Type of Assessment - Last names A-G
There will be a final oral exam in which the knowledge of several topics will be evaluated among all those covered in class. During the course, the questions will focus on verifying the acquisition of basic concepts and specific notions as well as on the performance of one or more exercises of the type tested during the exercises.
Intermediate tests may also be proposed during the course, designed and administered for homogeneous groups of topics. Participation in the tests is optional but, the achievement of a sufficient average, calculated on the respective evaluations of all the tests provided, may allow students who have achieved an average grade equal to or greater than 18/30, not to take the final oral exam.
Those who do not participate in all the intermediate tests will be required to take the final oral exam described above.
Type of Assessment - Last names H-Z
The exam consists of a written test aimed at verifying the ability to apply and understand the fundamental themes of Environmental Technical Physics, a discipline that cuts across many other subjects
Course program - Last names A-G
CHAPTER 1 – THE FUNDAMENTALS
1.1 SI units of measurement
1.2 Multiples and submultiples
1.3 Heat and temperature
1.4 Thermal power
1.5 Environmental well-being
CHAPTER 2 – SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS
2.1 Mechanical systems
2.2 Technical systems
2.3 Energy systems
CHAPTER 3 – HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
3.1 Components for heat production
3.3 Components for emission
CHAPTER 4 – VENTILATION SYSTEMS
4.1 Thermodynamics of humid air (psychrometric diagram)
4.2 Air treatment machines
4.3 Components for air distribution
4.4 Components for air diffusion
CHAPTER 5 - THE DESIGN PHASES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
5.1 Project specifications
5.2 Calculation of thermal loads
5.3 Choice and schematization of the system solution
5.4 Sizing of the systems
5.5 Executive drawing of the systems
5.6 Drafting of the metric calculation
CHAPTER 6 – ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ENERGY INVESTMENTS
6.1 Capitalization and discounting mechanisms
6.2 Discounted cash flows and NPV
6.3 The annuity factor
6.4 Parameters for calculating the NPV
CHAPTER 7 – FURTHER INFORMATION
7.1 Fundamentals of acoustics
7.2 Fundamentals of lighting engineering
7.3 Energy modeling of building/plant systems
7.4 Sustainability and ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) criteria
Course program - Last names H-Z
THERMODYNAMICS
the Open and Closed thermodynamic system
First and Second Principles of Thermodynamics - Principle of Carnot - Thermodynamic temperature
Thermodynamic systems, status and exchange quantities. Mass balances. First principle of thermodynamics for closed and open systems. Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heat. Conversion efficiency of direct cycles and efficiency of refrigeration and heat pump cycles. Statements of the second principle of thermodynamics.
Entropy concept and entropy analysis - Concept of exergy and exergetic analysis
psychrometrics
Ideal gases and pure substances
Ideal gases: equation of state; specific heats; evaluation of internal energy and enthalpy. Pure substances: state of aggregation of matter, phase transitions, definition of heat of vaporization / condensation.
Homogeneous Systems - Wet air - Thermodynamic transformations of humid air and environmental conditioning
Thermodynamic properties of moist air, psychrometric diagrams, technical transformations of moist air.
Examples of thermodynamic cycles of winter and summer air-conditioning systems and mixed air-water systems
Thermo-hygrometric wellbeing concept and environmental thermal loads
HEAT TRANSFER IN STATIONARY CONDITIONS
CONDUCTION: Fourier law - General conduction equation - Stationary conduction - Stationary monodimensional conduction without heat generation: flat, cylindrical and spherical walls with constant or variable thermal conductivity with temperature - Flat, cylindrical and spherical composite walls with thermal conductivity constant - Electrical analogy - Global heat exchange coefficient for flat and cylindrical geometries - Critical thickness of an insulation material - Stationary monodimensional conduction with heat generation
CONVECTION: forced convection, natural and mixed - Numbers of Nusselt, Prandtl and Grashof - Basic equations of non-isothermal motion - Dimensional analysis.
RADIATIVE HEAT EXCHANGE: Thermal Radiation and Light Radiation - Fundamental quantities: monochromatic, angular and integral emission power - Laws of irradiation: of Lambert, of Planck, of Wien, of Stefan-Boltzmann - Coefficients of reflection, transmission and absorption - Black bodies - Bodies grays and real bodies - Emissivity - Kirchoff's law - Radiosity - Factors of sight - Relationships between the factors of view: of reciprocity, of additivity and of closure - Heat exchange between black surfaces - Heat exchange between gray surfaces.
BASES OF THE HEAT TRANSFER IN TRANSIENT CONDITIONS
HEATING SYSTEMS
Types and main elements of a hot water heating system. Radiant panels and radiator systems
WATER-SANITARY SYSTEMS
Needs assessment. Direct and indirect production of hot water.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Types Summer and winter conditioning processes. Outline of ventilation and its flushing schemes. Types of flushing and casting. Types of systems for civil air conditioning.
The air handling units. The distribution channels and the air diffusers.
Calculation of summer thermal loads: simplified methods. Fundamentals of air quality in confined spaces (Indoor Air Quality, IAQ). Current legislation on the matter
NOTES ON RENEWABLES AND PLANTS THAT INTEGRATE AND USE RENEWABLE ENERGIES
ENERGY SAVING AND ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
Notes on CAM. Outline of LEED energy certification. The building-plant system. criteria for maximizing the insulation of the building envelope. Maximization of the efficiency of the plant system. Use of renewable energy sources: solar energy. Heat pumps. The reference legislation on the energy certification of buildings. Notes on the methods of calculation and evaluation of energy certification.
Sustainable Development Goals 2030 - Last names A-G
3 - Health and well-being
7 - Clean and accessible energy
13 - Taking action for the climate
Sustainable Development Goals 2030 - Last names H-Z