The Architecture Technology Design Studio is aimed to provide methodological and operational tools of architectural design, starting from the knowledge of the environmental and technological systems that compose the building structure.
The Studio includes three modules: the environmental system design, the technological system design, methods and tools for development, representation and communication of the project.
Course Content - Last names E-M
Design of the environmental system
Living and its needs
The analysis of the intervention context
The criteria for the organization and sizing of living spaces
Design of the technological system
Rules and criteria of the design of the structural system, closure, partitions and installations
Technological methods and tools for the development of the project
Organization and design of construction phases
Course Content - Last names N-Z
The Architecture Technology Laboratory is aimed at providing the methodological and operational tools of architectural design, starting from the knowledge of the environmental and technological systems that make up the building organism.
The workshop provides: the design of the technological system together with methods and tools for the development, representation and communication of the project.
E. Arbizzani, Tecnica e tecnologia dei sistemi edilizi, Maggioli, 2015.
P. Zumthor, Pensare architettura, Electa, 2004.
G. Pulcini, Il progetto della casa unifamiliare, Carocci, 1998.
V. Olgyay, Progettare con il clima: un approccio bioclimatico al regionalismo architettonico, Muzzio, 2013.
E. Mazria, Sistemi solari passivi, Franco Muzzio, 1980.
A. Rogora, Progettazione bioclimatica per l’architettura mediterranea, Wolters Kluwer, 2012.
G. Nardi, Tecnologie dell'architettura, CLUP, Milano 2001.
E. Reid, Capire gli edifici, Zanichelli, Bologna 1990.
E. Allen, Come funzionano gli edifici, Dedalo 2017.
Case unifamiliari
V. McLoad, Edilizia residenziale contemporanea, UTET, 2010.
V. McLoad, Dettagli di architettura residenziale contemporanea, Logos, 2007.
C. Davies, Planimetrie, sezioni, prospetti: le più belle case del XX secolo, Logos, 2007.
Case a schiera
E. Cambi, B. Di Cristina, G. Steiner Balzanetti, Tipologie residenziali a schiera, BE-MA, 1980.
G. Pfeifer, P. Brauneck, Row houses: a housing typologies, Birkhäuser, 2008.
A. Wiegelmann, C. Shittich, Semi-detached and terraced house, Detail: Birkhäuser, 2006.
A. Franchini, P. Righetti, R. Dorigati, Tipologie residenziali contemporanee, manuale di realizzazioni europee degli ultimi 20 anni, BE-MA, 2000.
Case in calcestruzzo
Atlante del cemento, UTET.
Calcestruzzo, Collana Praxis, UTET 2008.
A. Faresin, Architettura in calcestruzzo: soluzioni innovative e sostenibilità, UTET scienze tecniche, 2012.
D. Meyhofer, Concrete creations : contemporary buildings and interiors, Braun, 2008.
W. Hall, L. Koren, Concrete, Phaidon Press, 2012.
Case in muratura
Atlante della muratura, UTET.
Laterizi di grande formato, Collana Praxis, UTET 2008.
Rivista Costruire in Laterizio.
Case in acciaio
Atlante dell’acciaio, UTET.
F. Burkhard ; S. Schulenburg, Metal architecture: design and construction, Birkhauser, 2003.
Rivista AAA (Acciaio Arte Architettura).
Case in legno
Atlante del legno, UTET.
R. Slavid, Materiali in architettura. Legno, Logos.
Legno, Collana Praxis, UTET 2008.
V. McLoad, Dettagli di architettura in legno, Logos, 2010.
C. Benedetti, Costruire in legno. Edifici a basso consumo energetico, BUPress, 2009.
Trasversali
Atlante dei tetti, UTET.
Atlante delle facciate, UTET.
Atlante delle case unifamiliari, UTET.
V. McLeod, Dettagli di architettura residenziale contemporanea, Logos 2007
C. Benedetti, Collana Master CasaClima, BUPress 2013. (in particolare i volumi “Appunti di cantiere” e “ Coperture a verde”).
R. Luckmann, Elementi a parti dell’edificio I, UTET
P. Beinhauer, Elementi a parti dell’edificio III, UTET
Rivista e monografie DETAIL.
Rivista Archetipo.
Rivista The Plan.
Rivista GA Houses.
Altri riferimenti specifici potranno essere segnalati durante il corso.
• AA.VV. Manuale di progettazione edilizia, Milano, Hoepli, 1992-‘95
• M. C. Torricelli, R. Del Nord, P. Felli, Materiali e Tecnologie dell'Architettura, Laterza 2001.
ARUP Cities Alive – Rethinking Green Infrastructures, Foresight 2014
- Butera F (2014) Dalla Caverna alla casa ecologica: storia del comfort e dell’energia. Edizioni Ambiente
- Francese D. Architettura Bioclimatica, UTET
- Rogora A. Progettazione bioclimatica per l'architettura Mediterranea, Wolters Kluwer Italia (2012)
- Rudofsky B (1964) Bernard Rudofsky architecture without architects: a short introduction to non-pedigreed architecture is a book based on the MoMA exhibition of the same name by Bernard Rudofsky originally published in 1964
- Sala M, Ceccherini Nelli L, D’Audino E, Trombadore A (2007) Schermature solari. Alinea, Firenze
- Trombadore A (2016) Mediterranean smart cities. Innovazione tecnologica ed ecoefficienza nella gestione dei processi di trasformazione urbana. Altralinea, Firenze
- Trombadore A., Scalpellini L., (2013) Smart skin and architectural integration of PV glazed brick shading devices . In: -. CISBAT 2013 Cleantech for Smart Cities & buildings: from nano to urban scale, proceedings. EPFL Lausanne Switzerland Lausanne, 4-6 September 2013, p.61-65
APPROFONDIMENTI:
- AA.VV., Materia è Progetto, TECHNE Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, n. 16, Firenze
- University Press, (2018) http://www.sitda.net/downloads/image/TECHNE/TECHNE%2016.pdf
- Josef Kolb, Systems in timber engineering, ed. Birkhäuser, 2008
- Laura Bardella, Edifici in legno : sistemi costruttivi, tecnologia e comportamento, vol. 5, ed. Mancosu Roma, 2013
- Marco Imperadori, La meccanica dell'architettura. La progettazione con tecnologia stratificata a secco, Il Sole 24
- Ore, 2010
- Marco Imperadori, Costruire sul costruito : tecnologie leggere nel recupero edilizio, ed. Carocci, Roma, 2001
- Jacopo Gaspari, Trasformare l'involucro. La strategia dell'addizione nel progetto di recupero. Tecnologie per la
- riqualificazione sostenibile del costruito, Edicom Edizioni, 2012.
– Matteo Zambelli, La mente nel progetto. L'analogia e la metafora nell'architettura e nel design, DidaPress, Firenze, 2019.
– Matteo Zambelli, La conoscenza per il progetto. Il case-based reasoning nell'architettura e nel design, FUP, Firenze 2022 (in stampa).
Learning Objectives - Last names A-D
The course aims to train the incoming student in line with the professional figure that the Degree in Architecture Sciences want to outline, ie that possessing the conceptual and operational control of the methods and tools of base needed to operate in the field of design, conducted at different scales, in the areas of architecture, construction and territory.
The course aims to contribute to the formation of a unified vision of architectural project highlighting how the technique "dimension" is an indispensable factor for the development of the work of architecture since its initial conception.
The course favors the meaning of the project as a confrontation of different skills and physical and temporal place of interdisciplinary synthesis, in which matter and form come together to complex cultural action that has as its end result the architecture. Through the experimental design the course aims to promote the acquisition of knowledge of the matter and the technique to transfer them in an form appropriate to the purpose. In this context, the course aims to educate the awareness of the "constraint" (environmental, technological, customer related) as a resource and opportunity for the project.
Learning Objectives - Last names E-M
The Laboratory of Architecture Technology is aimed at providing the methodological and operational tools of architectural design, starting from the knowledge of the environmental and technological systems that make up the building organism.
The course aims to contribute to the formation of a vision of the architectural project based on complementarity between the different skills that contribute to its elaboration.
The laboratory is in continuity with the course of Materials and Building Elements with the aim of putting its knowledge into practice.
The knowledge, skills and behaviors that at the end of the course the student must
have acquired concern:
- the design of a simple architectural organism, developed at the different scales, controlling the relationship between forms, techniques, materials and functional aspects;
- the application of the knowledge, rules and criteria of the environmental system and the technological system to the architectural project with a reference to construction feasibility, compliance with needs, context constraints and environmental sustainability.
- the ability to communicate one's design ideas with a critical sense through the tools of graphic representation.
Learning Objectives - Last names N-Z
The Architecture Technology Workshop aims to provide the methodological and operational tools of technological design for the correct realisation of architecture.
Prerequisites - Last names A-D
To take the exam students must have taken the exam in Materials and Constructive Elements.
Prerequisites - Last names E-M
Having taken the examination of Materials and Construction Elements
Prerequisites - Last names N-Z
- Having passed all the compulsory examinations for access to the Technology Workshop.
- Knowledge and practice of architectural drawing and use of CAD.
Teaching Methods - Last names A-D
The teaching activity is based on intensive design experimentation, lasting three weeks with daily commitment. It is articulated in such a way as to give the student the methodological and operational tools to design an architectural organism in all its components, taking into account the formal and expressive results, the organisational methods of the building cycle, the modalities of choosing technologies and products appropriate to the available resources and the aims of the intervention in respect of the user's needs and the principles of conservation, protection and valorisation of the environment.
Lessons will be short and aimed at theoretical knowledge with immediate practical use and direct application verification in project experimentation.
After the 3 intensive weeks, reviews will be scheduled by appointment.
The design experimentation consists in the design of a "simple" residential building through the progressive deepening of choices of a technical nature in coherence with the functional and formal aspects of an architectural work. The project may be individual or in pairs and is carried out mainly in the classroom. The project must be completed by the end of the course, regardless of the session in which the examination is to be taken, and is subject to periodic checks by the lecturer to monitor the progress of the work and contribute to its development.
Teaching Methods - Last names E-M
The Laboratory includes the following teaching activities:
Lessons - The lessons deal with the topics of the program. The theoretical knowledge imparted with the lessons is the subject of immediate practical use and direct application verification in the project that takes place at the same time.
- Project / Revisions - The design laboratory consists in the elaboration of a project of a "simple" building through the progressive deepening of technical choices in line with the operational and formal aspects of an architectural work. The project must be completed by the end of the course, regardless of the session in which you intend to take the exam and is subject to periodic checks (revisions) by the teachers to check and the progress of the work and contribute to its development.
- Visit to construction sites and/or architectural works and/or architectural exhibitions - Compatibly with the progress of the program and availability, during the Laboratory can be organized visits to a construction site in order to understand the methods and executive problems of the technical solutions of an architectural project or some significant works of architecture or architectural exhibitions.
Teaching Methods - Last names N-Z
- Group exercises to test learning of lecture content
- Tutoring of working groups
- Possible ex cathedra lectures on specific needs and themes that emerge during the workshop.
Note. Groups are formed on the first day of class and will consist of 3 people.
Further information - Last names A-D
Registration. Students who wish to attend the course are required to confirm their registration by filling out the form distributed by the teacher and by registering on the web page of this course on e-learning platform of the University (http://e-l.unifi.it).
Frequency. Students are required frequency to all the activities of the Studio. The frequency will be verified through the presence of signatures in a register. Students who have achieved a frequency rate of 75% and in good standing with the delivery of the project will be able to take the exam. The rate of 75% corresponds to a maximum of 16 hours of absences on the total hours of the Studio.
Office hours. The teacher Nicoletta Setola receives students by appointment to be arranged using the following address: nicoletta.setola@unifi.it.
NB. All information regarding the Studio are disclosed during the official times or through the platform E-Learning Course.
Further information - Last names E-M
Students who intend to attend the Laboratory are required to confirm their registration by registering on the web page of the course on the University's Moodle platform.
Further information - Last names N-Z
–
Type of Assessment - Last names A-D
Each student will arrive to the examination with an evaluation that takes into account the educational progress and achievements in the performance of activities of the Studio. The project is evaluated according to criteria of coherence and awareness in the use of technologies and materials for the architectural outcome; quality of the project on environmental and technological aspects; completeness and correctness of representation and information content of the project.
The exam consists of a discussion on the topics proposed in the program and the result of the project. The overall assessment is done by integrating the result of the oral examination with that of the practical exercises and project.
The documentation for the exam is made up of all the products developed by the student during the Studio for different exercises and for the project.
Type of Assessment - Last names E-M
At the exam each student will come with an evaluation that takes into account the training progression and the results achieved in carrying out the activities of the Laboratory.
The design exercise is evaluated according to criteria of consistency and awareness in the use of:
- technologies and materials for the purposes of architectural outcome;
- the quality of the project with regard to environmental and technological aspects;
- completeness and correctness of the representation and information contents of the project.
The final exam consists of a discussion on the topics proposed in the program and the result of the project. The final evaluation is carried out by integrating the result of the oral test with that of the practical tests.
Type of Assessment - Last names N-Z
The student must produce all the required project work (see under 'Extended Programme').
All design works must be submitted on a paper book and digitally archived, in PDF format, in the Lab's GoogleDrive and Moodle folders.
The examination will take place at the end of the workshop with the delivery of the required materials, which the lecturer will assess in the typical competition manner, therefore without the students presenting their projects.
The student may only sit the exam if:
(A) he/she is regularly enrolled in the course;
(B) has complied with the workshop attendance (at least 75%);
(C) he/she has produced and handed in all the material requested, as specified in the list and within the specified deadlines.
Course program - Last names A-D
ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY STUDIO
Prof.ssa Nicoletta Setola
a.a. 2022-2023
Course Program
Contents
The Architecture Technology Design Studio is aimed to provide methodological and operational tools of architectural design, starting from the knowledge of the environmental and technological systems that compose the building structure.
The Studio includes three modules: the environmental system design, the technological system design, methods and tools for development, representation and communication of the project.
Aims
The course aims to contribute to the formation of a unified vision of architectural project highlighting how the technique "dimension" is an indispensable factor for the development of the work of architecture since its initial conception.
The course favors the meaning of the project as a confrontation of different skills and physical and temporal place of interdisciplinary synthesis, in which matter and form come together to complex cultural action that has as its end result the architecture. Through the experimental design the course aims to promote the acquisition of knowledge of the matter and the technique to transfer them in an form appropriate to the purpose. In this context, the course aims to educate the awareness of the "constraint" (environmental, technological, customer related) as a resource and opportunity for the project.
Requirements
To take the exam students must have taken the exam in Materials and Constructive Elements.
Teaching Methods
The teaching activity is based on intensive design experimentation, lasting three weeks with daily commitment. It is articulated in such a way as to give the student the methodological and operational tools to design an architectural organism in all its components, taking into account the formal and expressive results, the organisational methods of the building cycle, the modalities of choosing technologies and products appropriate to the available resources and the aims of the intervention in respect of the user's needs and the principles of conservation, protection and valorisation of the environment.
Lessons will be short and aimed at theoretical knowledge with immediate practical use and direct application verification in project experimentation.
After the 3 intensive weeks, reviews will be scheduled by appointment.
The design experimentation consists in the design of a "simple" residential building through the progressive deepening of choices of a technical nature in coherence with the functional and formal aspects of an architectural work. The project may be individual or in pairs and is carried out mainly in the classroom. The project must be completed by the end of the course, regardless of the session in which the examination is to be taken, and is subject to periodic checks by the lecturer to monitor the progress of the work and contribute to its development.
Other information
Registration. Students who wish to attend the course are required to confirm their registration by filling out the form distributed by the teacher and by registering on the web page of this course on e-learning platform of the University (http://e-l.unifi.it).
Frequency. Students are required frequency to all the activities of the Studio. The frequency will be verified through the presence of signatures in a register. Students who have achieved a frequency rate of 75% and in good standing with the delivery of the project will be able to take the exam. The rate of 75% corresponds to a maximum of 16 hours of absences on the total hours of the Studio.
Office hours. The teacher Nicoletta Setola receives students by appointment to be arranged using the following address: nicoletta.setola@unifi.it.
NB. All information regarding the Studio are disclosed during the official times or through the platform E-Learning Course.
Examination method
Each student will arrive to the examnation with an evaluation that takes into account the educational progress and achievements in the performance of activities of the Studio. The project is evaluated according to criteria of coherence and awareness in the use of technologies and materials for the architectural outcome; quality of the project on environmental and technological aspects; completeness and correctness of representation and information content of the project.
The exam consists of a discussion on the topics proposed in the program and the result of the project. The overall assessment is done by integrating the result of the oral examination with that of the practical exercises and project.
The documentation for the exam is made up of all the products developed by the student during the Studio for different exercises and for the project.
Bibliografia
E. Arbizzani, Tecnica e tecnologia dei sistemi edilizi, Maggioli, 2015.
P. Zumthor, Pensare architettura, Electa, 2004.
G. Pulcini, Il progetto della casa unifamiliare, Carocci, 1998.
V. Olgyay, Progettare con il clima: un approccio bioclimatico al regionalismo architettonico, Muzzio, 2013.
E. Mazria, Sistemi solari passivi, Franco Muzzio, 1980.
A. Rogora, Progettazione bioclimatica per l’architettura mediterranea, Wolters Kluwer, 2012.
G. Nardi, Tecnologie dell'architettura, CLUP, Milano 2001.
E. Reid, Capire gli edifici, Zanichelli, Bologna 1990.
E. Allen, Come funzionano gli edifici, Dedalo 2017.
Case unifamiliari
V. McLoad, Edilizia residenziale contemporanea, UTET, 2010.
V. McLoad, Dettagli di architettura residenziale contemporanea, Logos, 2007.
C. Davies, Planimetrie, sezioni, prospetti: le più belle case del XX secolo, Logos, 2007.
Case a schiera
E. Cambi, B. Di Cristina, G. Steiner Balzanetti, Tipologie residenziali a schiera, BE-MA, 1980.
G. Pfeifer, P. Brauneck, Row houses: a housing typologies, Birkhäuser, 2008.
A. Wiegelmann, C. Shittich, Semi-detached and terraced house, Detail: Birkhäuser, 2006.
A. Franchini, P. Righetti, R. Dorigati, Tipologie residenziali contemporanee, manuale di realizzazioni europee degli ultimi 20 anni, BE-MA, 2000.
Case in calcestruzzo
Atlante del cemento, UTET.
Calcestruzzo, Collana Praxis, UTET 2008.
A. Faresin, Architettura in calcestruzzo: soluzioni innovative e sostenibilità, UTET scienze tecniche, 2012.
D. Meyhofer, Concrete creations : contemporary buildings and interiors, Braun, 2008.
W. Hall, L. Koren, Concrete, Phaidon Press, 2012.
Case in muratura
Atlante della muratura, UTET.
Laterizi di grande formato, Collana Praxis, UTET 2008.
Rivista Costruire in Laterizio.
Case in acciaio
Atlante dell’acciaio, UTET.
F. Burkhard ; S. Schulenburg, Metal architecture: design and construction, Birkhauser, 2003.
Rivista AAA (Acciaio Arte Architettura).
Case in legno
Atlante del legno, UTET.
R. Slavid, Materiali in architettura. Legno, Logos.
Legno, Collana Praxis, UTET 2008.
V. McLoad, Dettagli di architettura in legno, Logos, 2010.
C. Benedetti, Costruire in legno. Edifici a basso consumo energetico, BUPress, 2009.
Trasversali
Atlante dei tetti, UTET.
Atlante delle facciate, UTET.
Atlante delle case unifamiliari, UTET.
V. McLeod, Dettagli di architettura residenziale contemporanea, Logos 2007
C. Benedetti, Collana Master CasaClima, BUPress 2013. (in particolare i volumi “Appunti di cantiere” e “ Coperture a verde”).
R. Luckmann, Elementi a parti dell’edificio I, UTET
P. Beinhauer, Elementi a parti dell’edificio III, UTET
Rivista e monografie DETAIL.
Rivista Archetipo.
Rivista The Plan.
Rivista GA Houses.
Course program - Last names E-M
The Laboratory is aimed at the project of living according to principles of construction feasibility, sustainability and performance quality.
The Laboratory includes three teaching modules:
Design of the environmental system
- Living and its needs
- Analysis of the intervention context
- The criteria for the organization of living spaces (activities and functional layout) - Criteria for the constitution and sizing of spaces
Design of the technological system
- Rules and criteria of technological design logic of the structural system and the closure system (casing), partition system and plant system
- Levels of in-depth study of the project and examples of technical solutions
Methods and tools for the development of the project
- The representation and communication of the project: the language of the project, sign rules ( dimensioning, use of lines, cross-cutting, etc.), scales of representation and information
content
- CAD
- Organization and phases of design development: relationship between information content, interlocutors and design solutions.
Course program - Last names N-Z
The workshop envisages a project exercise on the theme of the residence carried out in a group in workshop mode, with possible theoretical lessons on specific issues that may emerge during the workshop.
The students will follow a training path that, starting from the project theme and the specific analysis of the site of intervention and the needs of the users with sketches, drawings and real or virtual three-dimensional models, analysing the systems and technological nodes, the materials and the functions of the living spaces.
Final papers
1. One vertical A0 poster summarising the project. The layout is free. The 5 cm header will be placed at the bottom, full-width, bearing the logo of UNIFI - DIDA, Degree Course in Architectural Sciences, Technology Lab 1, AA 2020-21, Professors Maria De Santis, Antonella Trombadore, Matteo Zambelli, Students' Names and Surnames and 4x4 photos, Context, Logo/motto of the project.
2. Horizontal A3 format BOOK (pdf maximum quality) containing the illustrative report and drawings (to scale) of the entire project process comprising at least 20 pages + cover. The header will be placed at the bottom, under a black thread 1 point thick at 15 mm from the bottom margin of the sheet, full width, bearing the logo of UNIFI - DIDA, Degree Course in Architectural Sciences, Technology Lab 1, AA 2022-23, Teachers' Name and Surname, Students' Name and Surname, Context, Logo/motto of the project.
2.1. Contents of the BOOK
2.1.1. Analogy and Metaphor: from idea to concept. First design intentions explained through graphs, sketches and related iconographic and/or textual references.
- Explanatory diagrams and schematics.
- Project references.
- Illustration of the concept (sketched or drawn in CAD, Photoshop, etc.).
2.1.2. The Context: morphological framework and environmental analysis of the context under examination; state of the project area and indication of climatic characteristics (solar radiation, vegetation, orography, prevailing winds, other natural and anthropic elements etc.).
- Planivolumetric (roof plan with shadows) on a scale of 1:500 inserted within the area under examination.
- Environmental sections, one transverse and one longitudinal at a scale of 1:500.
2.1.3. Architectural Project with spatial, functional (functionality of the architectural space) and technological/constructive definition.
- The Architectural Project: plans of all levels on a scale of 1:100 with indications of orientation, context (streets, existing buildings, trees, water...), paving, elevations, uses indicated in the legend.
- Plan with diagram of the technological/constructive system used (can be represented and included in the plans of the Architectural project).
- Sections (at least two, preferably more) longitudinal and transversal, on a scale of 1:100, including the context (roads, existing buildings, nature, etc.), altimetrical elevations and indication of the section on the plan.
- North-south-east-west elevations at a scale of 1:100, including surface textures of each individual façade; urban context and nature system (trees, greenery, water...).
2.1.4. Technological solutions
- Detailed plans (or portions of plans) at the appropriate scale (1:50 - 1:20) with uni grids, legends of stratifications, dimensional indications and furnishings.
- Ground-roof sections at the appropriate scale (1:50 - 1:20) with uni grids and legends of stratifications.
- Technological details represented at the appropriate scale (1:10 - 1:20) of the technological solutions that characterise the building (ground-roof sections, details of technological nodes) and in particular its envelope: roofing solutions; shading systems; ventilated facades; integration of renewable energy production systems solar/photovoltaic panels, etc.
2.1.5. 3D models
- Perspective section like those of Atelier Bow-Wow (representation at the appropriate scale 1:50 - 1:100 rich in architectural elements, technology, furniture and materials).
- Axonometric exploded view with all building elements and supporting structure (beams and piers, or load-bearing walls).
- 3D model of a node or technological detail.
2.1.6. Rendering and model
- A bird's eye view to clarify the insertion of the project in the context (free technique)
- A view chosen by the student to highlight the aesthetic characteristics of the project (free technique)
- A view chosen by the student to highlight the qualities of the interior spaces (free technique)
- A photo of the study model (optional).
Please note
All drawings must be made in b/w wire.
The Poster A0 must include the already elaborated materials considered capable of briefly explaining the project. The Poster A0 must be conceived as a board to be submitted to a competition.
It is not compulsory, but at the student's discretion, other materials considered useful for a better understanding of the project (graphic diagrams, project models in different scales, other construction details, other renderings, sketches, videos) may be produced in addition to the above.
Sustainable Development Goals 2030 - Last names E-M